Learning process in behaviour Essay Example for Free

Learning process in demeanour EssayLearning is a permanent change in deportment caused by experience. The learner does not need to have the experience directly we can also learn by observing others .It is an ongoing process. Our knowledge of the world is continually being revised as we atomic number 18 exposed to new stimuli and receiving ongoing feedback that allows us to modify our behavior when we find ourselves in a similar position againPsychologists who have studied learning have developed advanced therories on the process of learning. hither we will discuss the two major approaches to learning instrumental and classical learn.Classical ConditioningIt occurs when a arousal that elicits a response is paired with some other stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own.A Russian physiologist , Pavlov introduced classically conditioned learning by pairing a neutral stimulus ( a bell ) with a stimulus known to cause a salivation to dogs ( he squirted dry meat powder). The powder was an flat stimulus because it was capable of causing the response. Over time, the dog has learned to associate the bell with its meat powder and begin to salivate at the sound of the bell only. The drooling of these dogs-tooth violet consumers because of a sound now has a linked to feeding time, was a conditioned response ( CR ).This basic of classical conditioning applies to responses controlled by the autonomic and nervous systems. When these cues are consistently paired with a conditioned stimuli such as brand names, we as consumers may feel hungry, thirsty or aroused when later exposed to brand cues.Conditioning effects are more than likely to occur after the (CS) conditioned andunconditioned ( UCS ) stimuli have been paired a number of times. Repeated exposures increases the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in memory.Many marketing strategies focus on the establishment of associations between stimuli and responses. Behavioural learning nous applies to many consumer phenomena, ranging from the creation of a distinctive brand image to the perceived linkage between a product and an underlying need. The transfer of meaning from an unconditioned stiulus to a conditioned stimulus explains why made-up brands like Marlboro, Coca-Cola or IBM can exert such powerful effects on consumers.Operant conditioningOver the years behaviourist have carried out operant principals out of the narrow world of the skinner box and into the wider room of society. The use of the operant techniques to swear out people change unwanted, dangerous, or self-defeating habits in real world settings is called behaviour modification ( applied behaviour analysis )Behaviour modification has had broad success, behaviorist have taught parents to toilet train their children in only a few sessions etc. as you can see from everyday world behaviour modificaton is not a science but an art.Operant Conditioning pr ocess of accommodateing the law of effect to control behaviour by manipulating its consequences. faithfulness of effect behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is not4 basic reinforcement strategies is use in operant conditioning lordly reinforcement-negative reinforcement-punishment-extinctionPositive reinforcement the process by which people learn to perform acts leading to such desirable outcomes. whatsoever behaviour led to the positive outcome is likely to occur again, thereby strengthening that behaviour by making a pleasant consequences dependant on(p) onto its occurrence. prejudicious reinforcement Negative reinforcement is the process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to removal of undesired events or unpleasant consequence contingent onto its occurrence.Punishment administrating of negative consequences or with draw pokeral of positive consequences that tend to reduce the likeliho od of repeating the behaviour in similar settingsExtinction ceasation of previously completed reinforcer that is maintaining a behaviour by removal of a pleasant consequence of its occurrence.Positive reinforcement can take many forms. One of the strongest is applause and recognition for the good work. It is good rewards management. It shifts the emphasis and energy of the manger towards a larger number of employees, rather than focus all the attention and time on poorer employees. If done correctly it can make all but the worst employees feel that the organization recognizes and appreciates their effort and contributions. If the desired behaviour is peculiar(prenominal) in disposition and is difficult to achieve , a pattern if positive reinforcement called shaping can be used. Shaping is the creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations leading to the desired behaviour.Negative reinforcement governs a good deal of our behaviour. Some peo ple dothink that it is a reasonable way to manage people at work that is, employees who engage in undesirable behaviour should expect something to happen to them. But there are some difficulties with this approach. First it creates a tens environment ( difficult to work everyday where the main motivation is to prevent unpleasant outcomes ) secondly, relationships often deteriorates when superiors represent a continuous threat to be avoided.There can be adverse side effects in using punishment. An action intended to punish may kinda be reinforcing because it brings attention-the recepient of punishment often responds with anxiety ,fear or rage-the effectiveness of punishment is often temporay, depending heavily on the presense of the punishing person or circumstances-most misbehaviours is hard to punish immediately thus resutingin the reinforcement of the undesired behaviour-punishment conveys little infoExtinction is important and quite commonly used. This dodging decreases the f requency of or weakens the behaviour . The behaviour is not unlearned it simply is not exhibited. Since the behaviour is no longer reinforced, it will reappear when it is reinforced again. Whereas positive reinforcement seeks to establish and maintain desirable work behaviour, extinction on the other hand is intended to weaken and eliminate the undesirable behaviourLaw of contingent reinforcement states for reward to have the maximum reinforcing value it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited . Secondly, the law of immediate reinforcement states , the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.Timing of postiove reinforcementa) the continuous reiforcemnt memorial administers a reqrd to each one tie a desired behaviour occursb) b) an intermittent or patila reinforcement schedule rewars a behaviour only periodically. 4 varieties of partial reinforcement schedule a) Fixed interval schedulesb)Variable interval schedulesc)Fixed ratio schedulesc) Variable ratio schedulesIn general , a mange can expect that the continuous reinforcement will draw a desired behaviour more quickly than will intermittent reinforcementSteps in positive reinforcement programidentify specific behaviour that are to be changed must be accurate and reliably observed and then recorded. Behaviour should be measurable and observable. determine the links between the target behaviour, its consequences and stimulus condition leading to the beaviour)develop and set specific behaviour goals for each person and target behavioursrecording process toward the goalapply appropriate consequences rewards, punsihmnets,extinction